Contrasting Views of Classical Athens Plato and Pericles Thesis

Abstract Plato proposed that the ultimate form of government was either an oligarchy or kingdom. Pericles held the belief that democracy was the form of government under which prominence grew. Plato was a revered and eventually became well respected teacher in Classical Athens, his way of thinking and his views of a perfect society show him to be somewhat of an idealist more than a realist, as Pericles himself proved to be with his actions and achievements throughout his lifetime.   In Plato’s time, he valued reason above all else, and through thought, he sought to change the way a city state was run and controlled.   Pericles, on the other hand, used his aristocratic background and resources to make lasting improvements on the way of life for the citizens of Athens. Introduction Any discussion about the contrasting views of Pericles and Plato predictably comes down to democracy (Fleck, 2002).   The Athenian society had been profoundly affected by the Wars with the communities at the time disrespecting law and justice. Both men observed that the Peloponnesian war brought about conflict in political leadership as well as human nature. During this period of war, many people were desperate and anxious to gain power and protect themselves against any danger. Athenians had become greedy and power hungry, as they did not care for the common good of the society (Fleck, 2002). Plato and Pericles both addressed these issues by suggesting various ways through which the Athenian society should be governed. While Pericles believed in democracy, Plato believed in the conservative republican form of leadership. The views of both these men differed in all areas of life ranging from government, education, division of labor etc. This paper is an in depth analysis of the views of Plato and Pericles. The paper identifies the contrasting views of Plato and Pericles politically and ideally, highlighting justice, division of labor, liberal policies, education and military training in relation to this. Justice According to Pericles, Justice involves freedom for all irrespective of the social standings or sex. Freedom in this case would include freedom to take part in public life as well as freedom to do what one pleases (Kagan, 1991). In his view, when people have the freedom they desire, they tend to have respect for the law. Contrastingly, Plato believed that justice involved the fulfillment of the different functions in society by different people as conforming to a person’s nature (Taylor, 2001). He believed that justice involved an individual minding his or her own business while staying away from other people’s affairs. He ridiculed Pericles’ beliefs stating that at no point will all men be equal. Plato argued that even nature does not provide any basis for human beings to be equal. He states that all men were created with varying degrees of intelligence capabilities, and most importantly, political connections (Fleck, 2002). Therefore, if the society is to be ru led with utmost justice, then all people should accept what has been fatefully consigned to them so as to serve the society. Division of labor According to Pericles’ rule of democracy Athenians who reject political as well as public life were deemed futile (Kagan, 1991). He argued that all citizens were entitled to taking part in any judgment concerning public and political matters. According to Pericles, the ability to take part in public matters was what democracy was about, and any ordinary citizen irrespective of gender or social standing had the right to this. Plato disputes this notion stating that those people involved in political matters were not on the same level as other ordinary citizens. Most importantly, he argued that not all Athenian citizens would take part in the management of the state of affairs. On the contrary, Plato suggested a society where the divisions of labor and roles are clearly defined among individuals (Taylor, 2001). He argued that it would be unjust if those most suited for certain roles were robbed of these abilities all in the name of democracy (Fleck, 2002). Liberal Policies In line with achieving justice, Pericles supports the idea that for Athens to succeed in its endeavors, it must open doors to its foreigners so as to benefit from the harmony achieved by being one with other states (Kagan, 1991). Pericles argued that through establishing this liberal policy, Athenians would gain support of the other nations hence confidence at the war front. This, therefore, means that the success and victory of Athens as a nation largely depended on the support of other nations. Plato disagreed with this notion arguing that citizens would benefit more when they are self-contained and protected from outside predators. He argued that the outside influences would corrupt the Athenian society by introducing new beliefs to the Athenians that were opposite of their cultures (Fleck, 2002). He goes on to state that the best forms of communism are contained in the less liberal societies who chose to shun any outside influences. Education In terms of education, Pericles believed that historical literature was necessary for the success of the Athenian society. He argued that Athenians would be motivated to do what was right by their state if provided with necessary literature regarding their history (Kagan, 1991). Through these books, the people of Athens would then have courage and be forced into daring actions so as to fight evil. However, Plato disagreed with this notion stating that literature would only lead the Athenians into imitation of what was previously done (Taylor, 2001). He argued that Athenians would lose their sense of reality through this literature since most of these works displayed a sense of viciousness that was opposite of the Athenian culture (Fleck, 2002). Military Training Pericles argued that Athenians, especially the soldiers, need not be trained about the ways of life as they were encouraged to live as they wish. He stated that Athenian soldiers display more courage than their Spartan enemies because their freedom allowed them to understand the differences between destitution and gratification (Kagan, 1991).   However, Plato disputed this idea by arguing that education was necessary so as to obtain a balance between physical training and arts (Taylor, 2001). He states that this balance is good for the soul as it would prevent the Athenian soldiers form being too callous or temperate. He believed that the Athenian troops should be taken through various trials so as to ensure that during war, soldiers maintain the basic knowledge on what was preeminent for the state (Fleck, 2002). Analysis On a closer examination of the contrasting views of these two philosophers, we see that they both sought to bring out the best in the Athenian society. Their conflicting views can be narrowed down to knowledge and the ability to act on the knowledge that each philosopher has been endowed. According to Pericles, knowledge is achieved through public interaction and especially with the citizens of a state (Kagan, 1991).   He states that this interaction is essential for any action to be taken as it helps in understanding the problems that the nation faces. Plato, on the other hand, argues that knowledge is related to the real, to what can be seen in the society (Taylor, 2001). He states that only those who have had the experience concerning certain issues have the knowledge pertaining to the issues and can, therefore, act towards dealing with them. However, we see that Plato’s arguments were just based on the ideals of what should happen (Fleck, 2002). Plato merely offered opti ons to the Athenian political system by providing a constructive criticism to the current rule of the state. Plato, therefore, fails as a philosopher as he lacked the courage to go ahead and act on his beliefs. Pericles, on the other hand, used the knowledge that he had to improve the way of life of the citizens of Athens. He relied on the reality of actual events to make decisions through public discourse of the Athenian populace. Conclusion In any civilized society, neighbors will eventually disagree and are bound to feud at some point.  Ã‚   Wars will inevitably happen; the good in people will show along with the evil.   Plato’s so called â€Å"Utopia† was nothing more than a nonexistent nation that in order to exist would have taken away the very thing that makes us who we are as humans living in a society: reality.   His ideas of controlling the nation’s families, schools, punishments, and peoples’ wages were a great idea, but nothing more than that. References Fleck, Susan J (2002). Plato’s Republic versus Pericles’ Democracy. Retrieved from: http://www.susanfleck.com/Philosophy/557_Plato_Pericles_w2w.htm Kagan, Donald (1991). Pericles of Athens: The Birth of Democracy. New York: The Free Press. Taylor, Alfred Edward (2001). Plato: The Man and his Work. New York: Courier Dover.

Crime And Imprisonment The Higher Chance Of Recidivism

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Both male and female prisoners come from different commu nities, families, but in the male population alone the criminals are sentenced differently. African Americans (63.9 months) were given longer sentences on average, followed by Caucasian s (58.0 months) and Hispanics (52.8 months) (McGovern, 319). Since African Americans and Hispanics are given longer sentences their recidivism rate is much higher than that of Caucasian . These different variables are major flaws in the criminal justice system that needs to be taken into consideration. Additional problems when they areShow MoreRelatedMinorities As The Majority Population Of Recidivist990 Words   |  4 Pageswith an increased chance of recidivating. 46.9% of inmates released from prison were re-convicted of a felony or serious misdemeanor within three years of release. This study was an implemented sample study of fifteen states in 1994. 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Policies and practices for youths need to fulfill more than entrapment and punishment, providing rationale for restorative justice (337). Crimes committed by young individuals are often minor, first-time acts

The Slave Trade - 852 Words

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Legs of the triangularRead MoreThe Terrible Trade Of The Slave Trade2324 Words   |  10 PagesTerrible Trade Screams for relief, cries for comfort, and moans for death all revolved around the slave trade. The slave trade is an event that not only impacted Africa, but the whole world even still today. This essay will explain how cultures were ruined and families were torn apart. The slave trade has influenced history worldwide because it has impacted continents economically, socially, and politically. The Middle Passage received its name because it is in the middle of the Triangular Trade. TheRead MoreThe Politics Of The Slave Trade1703 Words   |  7 PagesPolitics of the Slave Trade: Art Engaging Eighteenth-Century Audiences with the Abolitionist Movement Ella Ottaviano The rise of the abolitionist movement in the late eighteenth century, created a platform for artworks to be used as arguments for the abolition of slavery. 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An Integrative Literature Review The American Diabetes...

An Integrative Literature Review The American Diabetes association (2014) reports that, approximately 29.1 million U. S. residents are diabetic. They found that 35% to 40% of people died from diabetic related causes. 2010 saw 69,071 death certificate reported deaths listing diabetes as the direct/underlying cause of death, while, 234,051 death certificates lists diabetes as the underlying/contributing cause of death. Diabetes still remains the 7th leading cause of death in the United States. Diabetes is a chronic disease, with no remedy and carries many negative effects. Damage to the kidneys, heart, blood vessels, nerves and eyes are among the affected areas. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes related nerve damage, can affect any part of the body. Diabetic patients are encouraged to exercise and practice good nutrition. 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Human Use of Animals Free Essays

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Singer’s idea of what defines a person is, â€Å"a person is someone who is aware of their own existence over time, and who is aware enough to realize that they are the same being who lived previously and who can expect to keep living into the future. (Singer 2008) he goes on to give details of what constitutes personhood by stating that infants are not persons because they have not yet become self-aware, but a chimpanzee is a person because it can recognize itself in a mirror. He also states that humans with severe brain damage or someone who is intellectually impaired may have once been a person but is no longer a person. Dr. Singer believes that this is an important argument to the wrongness of killing as he clearly states, â€Å"I do think the idea of a being who can envisage his or her own future is morally significant, because if you compare the wrongness of killing a being who is capable of having some anticipation of the future, some desires for the future, perhaps even some projects to complete in the future, and you kill such a person who wants to go on living, you’re doing something wrong to that person which is something you’re not doing if you kill a being who is fully not a person and who can have no wishes or hopes for the future, and therefore you can’t cut off or thwart or frustrate those wishes for the future. So I think the concept of the person points to something that is relevant in the specific context of the wrongness of killing. † (Singer 2008) I disagree wholeheartedly with nearly all of his statements. 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Dr. Singer give his view on why we treat animals differently than human beings. â€Å"The point about speciesism is that we give less weight to the interests of beings who are not members of our species, simply because they are not members of our species; not looking at their individual characteristics, not looking at their capacities, or what’s good for them, or bad for them. But we just say, ‘well they’re not members of the species Homo sapiens, therefore we can use them for our purposes, for our own ends, we don’t have to treat them as if their ends mattered. Whereas if we have a human being, no matter what the mental level of that human being, that human being’s life is sacred, we must respect the dignity of that human being and so on. That’s speciesism, to just take the species in itself as determinat ive of moral status. † (Singer 2008) It is only natural to look out for the well-being of other members of our species before we think about the well-being of a member of another species. Would you not save a human that is drowning before you tried to save a cow? In his interview with Stephen Colbert, Dr. Singer discusses the rights that animals should have. He talks about how we â€Å"imprison chimpanzees without trial but we do not do the same to humans without proper cause, in most cases. (Singer 2006) When you look at the fact that a Chimpanzee, even a small one is ten times stronger than a human being why would we just allow them to run free around our cities. Could you imagine going to the mall and having a rowdy group of chimpanzees running around the food court? Also, what if animals, which have no understanding of humanity, much less, politics are given the right to vote. That idea in itself is absurd because there are no other creatures on this planet mentally capab le of voting in a civilized way other than humans. In Conclusion I would like to say that while I may not agree with Dr. Singer on his ideas of what constitute personhood, I am an animal lover and I do not wish for any animals to be mistreated. I grew up on a farm where we raised cattle, pigs, and chickens. I grew to care for some of these animals. I was also raised to believe that it was only natural for these animals to become food for my family. Humanity has raised, and cared for animals since ancient times. It is one of the things that defines us as a species. Hunting and gathering is encoded in the DNA of the species Homo sapiens. Why would we stop doing something that has been done for millennia? The ethics of the human use of animals is a question that only came to light in the past 100 or so years. What sparked that idea that animals should have the same rights as an intellectual human being? Our minds and the ability to ask the question why is what makes us persons, not just the fact that we can feel pain. The same question why, is what could inevitably be what destroys us as a civilization before all is said and done. References Singer. (Writer) (2008, January 28). Human use of animals. Ethics Bites. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www. open. edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/human-use-animals Singer, P. S. (2006). Peter singer [Television series episode]. In Colbert, S. (Executive Producer), the Colbert report. New York, NY: Comedy Central. Retrieved from http://www. colbertnation. com/the-colbert-report-videos/79412/december-11-2006/peter-singer How to cite Human Use of Animals, Papers

Management Organizations in a Global Environment

Question: Describe about the Management and Organizations in a Global Environment? Answer: Introduction: Globalization often considered as a cause that arises on the boom time that many economies of the world has experienced before the global financial crisis in 2008. The growth in the global supply chain and international trade were viewed as the prime forces for the prosperity of the global economies. It highlighted that the enthusiasm for the globalization would viewed as economies shrank after the financial crisis. Since, world trade took a hit that increases the fear and protectionism was described. However, many processes had been set so that the world can continue able to gain benefit from the globalization concept. These observations draw connection between globalization and economics, politics and businesses. Many studies have recognized globalization as the kind of phenomenon that may be an effect and cause of several events and with the implications of several disciplines. International events that appear to be beyond the control of anybody can actually have serious impact on the business decision making by influencing the environment within which the business operates. For example, the financial crisis in the USA affected hugely in-spite of its occurrence in an industry with several regulations that is spread across the world. The lack of progress in the negotiation of Doha that commits to free global trade which affects exports of the firms. Governmental responses and terrorism have led to closer examination of the cross boarder movement of the products that raises the operational cost of the businesses. Many restrictions on the visa and immigrant issues are also bounding international choices of developing staffs that actually affecting the globalization process. The evaluation of globalization has to be accommodating the complexity of the present multidimensional nature. However, the globalization concept has able to generate considerable strength in the past few years. Especially, in the industrial sector, introduction of globalization have generat e huge amount of opportunity for the companies. Since, it provided them the opportunity to expand the business all over the world. In fact, studies have identified the fact that globalization plays a key role to a new dimension of the businesses. Main body: As opined by Ghemawat, the 2008 global crisis have forced many individuals to reformulate their beliefs about the globalization and market. The book of world 3.0 highlighted the crisis and its afterwards affects on the economy that covers several reactions across the economic and political spectrum. Many experts have expressed their belief that want and need of the world market and want the financial system of the world to continue its trajectory. Many also argue in favor on the government, as they perceived that the government has little impact on the process of globalization as compared to the marketers. However, financial crisis have influenced economies to restructure the entire economical processes so that it can actually manage to handle future situation like this much more effectively. According to Aas (2013) society have to respond according to the change in the economic condition with completely new strategies. However, Ghemawat brings together completely opposite standards as it joins economic integration with national rules and regulations. The book also proposes more integration so that the economy can able to achieve higher propensity within the rules imposed by the government to surpass those problems that an unbound market can actually cause to the economy. Altbach (2015) emphasizes on the semi-global market. Since, geographical distance or national boundaries are considered as the important distinction. The problems that cause problems for majority of the people about globalization are not that complex, if businesses, individuals, and political authorities approach them with new attitudes and ideas. Understanding of the global market is crucial to fix the problems that are arising from the issue of globalization (Scott 2013). The fixing of the global problems depends on several factors that the economy has to counter. Firstly, the economy will have to focus on the issue of global concentration (Palan, Murphy and Chavagneux 2013). Fears of oligopolies and monopolies arise primarily from the misconception that single-world economy is possible in the market. Many studies have made on the international companies that actually depicts increase amount the competitions among the businesses. Therefore, it reduces the chances of forming global concentrate economy. Global externalities are another factor that mentioned in the book of world 3.0. As many complains that globalization increases a ctivity in both domestic and international market, pollution level also tend to increase (Baylis, Smith and Owens 2013). However, the study mentioned the fact that the environmental affect has minimized with the use of green technology. In fact, global cooperation has cut rain up to 65% in the recent years. In addition, private organizations are also trying to focus on the global ecological issues in order to minimize the negative impact on the environment. Anthony Giddens illustrates globalization as the intensification of social relations linking societies in such a way that all the local incident are shaped by the events, which is happening thousands of miles away (Beck 2015). However, all attempts at defining the processes of globalization not necessarily results in simplification. Giddens describes four factors of globalization. Firstly, it focuses on the world capitalist economy. Since, the major concentration of power is come from the capitalist economy. The international and domestic economic policies of these capitalist states involve many forms of rules that cover economic activity. However, institutional companies maintain insulation. It allows variety of scope for the international activities of the businesses (Benera, Berik and Floro 2015). In present time, the biggest transitional organizations have budget higher than those of all but few countries. The second factor of globalization has participated long in the reflexivit y characteristic of modernity as a whole. According to Docquier and Rapoport (2012) sovereignty have to be evaluated as something that monitored reflexively. It also related to the replacement of the frontiers at the initial state of the nation-state system. In fact, the state claimed the autonomy inside the territory that is passed by the recognition of borders by different states. The third factor illustrates the world military order (Fujita and Thisse 2013). This is crucial since the modern weaponry holds massive destruction power. In fact, every states processes huge excess amount of military. Even the third world weak economy countries are also having powerful military system. At the time of the cold war, the two most developed countries in terms of military power, Soviet Union and the United States of America develop a bipolar system of military alliances of truly global scope. Fourth factor of globalization deals with the industrial development (Dunning 2014). The prime aspec ts of this expansion of the global division of labor, which includes the differentiation between less and more industrialized areas of the world. According to Evans (2012) globalization is a form of increase amount of integration through investment and trade is an important factor that plays a key role in minimizing the global inequality and poverty. However, effectiveness of globalization depends on many other factors as well. In fact, many argue the fact that there is a misconception regarding the kind of impact that globalization actually can make on the poverty level of the society. They argue the fact that the prime impact has been made by the national policies regarding the implementation of the globalization (Narula 2014). Therefore, government of the countries will have to utilize the globalization in such a way that it actually can able to cover negative aspect of the process. According to Hay and Marsh (2016) poverty is one of the major concern for the entire world. Since, almost 5 billion of people are currently lives below the poverty line. As a result, many argue the fact that the globalization impact on the pover ty level is not as much as it looks like. However, many studies also argues with the conclusion that globalization does not have too much impact on minimizing the poverty line of the world. According to Hirst, P., Thompson and Bromley (2015) after the implementation of the globalization, there is a steady decline in the proportionality of the poverty as compared to the whole number of world population. Since, globalization has developed the concept of outsourcing in the business environment. This has played extremely crucial role in developing job opportunities in the developing countries. As a result, the world has able to minimize the number of people lived below the poverty line. Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2012) highlighted the fact that globalization has positive impact on the per capita income of the people of the entire world. Since, many businesses have able to develop and expand because of the globalization. Traditionally, globalization minimizes economies poverty because more number of integrated economies tends to grow very quickly and this amount of growth is diffused widely (Kaplinsky 2013). Particularly, in case of low-income economies, people can actually move to below the poverty line to a better jobs or lifestyle because of the implementation of the globalization process. In addition, globalization has brought about the competition among the economies. This has played crucial role in developing strong and powerful economy all across the world. However, globalization also has certain amount of negative impacts on the economy. As mentioned earlier, outsourcing of work increases job opportunity in the developing countries but it also increases the opportunity to miss-utilization of the globalization (Murray and Overton 2014). Many incidents were found were companies having practices outsourcing because it has able to get labor or worker at a very cheaper price. In the present environment, globalization has increases job insecurity to new level. Since, it induces employees to face challenges not only from the domestic market but also from the international market as well. Globalization has minimizes the chances of many small size organization or startup firms to develop their businesses effectively (Pieterse 2015). Since, the startup firms now not only have to compete with the challenges from domestic market but also have to face challenges immense competition from the international businesses as well. In the third world count ries, many belief that globalization has completely diminishes the popularity of the traditional product of these economies. According to McGrew and Lewis (2013) globalization is primarily benefited the companies the most rather than to consider the entire society for the development. Many believe that globalization provides opportunities to major multinational companies to utilize the resources of the third world countries. However, they do not focus too much on the development of these host countries. As a result, the benefit of the globalization process restricted among the developed countries people. In fact, many argue that globalization actually increases the differences between developed economy and underdeveloped economy. According to Moghadam (2012) globalization not only affected the differences between the economies but also increases the differences between rich and poor people within the economies. This is a major issue particularly in the third world. Since, globalization influences rich people to become even more rich and poor people to become even poorer. However, the positive impact of glo balization cannot be ignored as well. As globalization influences international trade to occur much more effectively, it increases the bonding among the different economies. In addition regarding the globalization process also recently enforces developed economies to manage their businesses in such a way that the benefit of the process can actually shared with both the countries. WTO initiates specific rules and regulations for the effective implementation of the international trade so that both sides can have equal amount of benefit from this processes. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be mentioned that globalization is an issue that need to be handle very carefully so that it can prevent all the negative impacts affecting the economy. However, it has to mention that the forces behind the globalization process cannot be prevent or stopped. Therefore, it only have to direct in such a way that it actually can able to help the economies to move forward in a developed way. It is also very important that an economy develops globalization that is socially and economically sustainable. Since, sustainable form of globalization proves to be more beneficial to reduce cost that will actually help the entire humanity. Direct impact of globalization is on the health system as well as on multinational trade, policies and agreements. 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